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HISTORY OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

Police History In the beginning, there was kin policing, with its penchant for blood feuding and traditions of tribal justice. Many pre-civilized villages or communities are believed to have had a rudimentary form of law enforcement (morals enforcement) derived from the power and authority of kinship systems, rule by elders, or perhaps some form of totemism or naturism. Under kin policing, the family of the offended individual was expected to assume responsibility for justice by capturing, branding,

or mutilating the offender. To be sure, there were also theocratic institutions (religious temples, magic rituals, grand viziers), but these were probably used as a system of appeals (sanctuary, refuge) and for purposes not associated with justice. Since war has existed, the police function has been

somewhat inseparable from the military function as ancient rulers almost always kept elite, select units (bodyguards) close at hand to protect them from threats and assassination attempts, and although it was more theocratic than militaristic, the argument could be made that the first known civilization (Egypt) was a police state.

In Mesopotamia, the rise of cities like Uruk, Umma, Eridu, Lagash, and Ur is widely regarded as the "birth of civilization". However, these cities were in a state of constant warfare, and in terms of looking at which residents bore the closest resemblance to police officers, the argument could be made that captured Nubian slaves were the first police force. This group was often put to work as marketplace guards, Praetorian guards, or in other mercenary-like positions. As a police force, their different color, stature, and manner of dress made them quite visible among the Mesopotamians. The idea of visibility could then be regarded as the first principle of crime control.

With the rise of the city-states came forms of criminal justice that could be considered as king's policing. It's conventional to note that things like the Code of Hammurabi marked the first known system of criminal law as well as the start of other practices. The Hebrews developed the Mosaic Law and a rudimentary adversverdana system. The Greeks experimented with highway patrol and jury trials (Athens) as well as secret police and mercenary systems (Sparta). Across Africa, trials were being conducted while sitting down (three-legged stools of justice). Violators were brought before thrones of justice in the name of the crown, and to keep the peace meant, for the most part, keeping the king's peace of mind. Greek philosophy (Aristotle, Plato) was largely responsible for popularizing the majesty of justice by associating good law and order with virtue.

It's widely recognized that the first organized police force were the Roman vigiles, the first group of nonmilitary and nonmercenary police. They were created by Gaius Octavius, the grand nephew of Julius Caesar, around 27 B.C. After his uncle was assassinated, little Octavius swore revenge and rose to power with a desire to reform Roman society. Once he became ruler, he took the name Augustus Caesar, or more simply Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. Let's take a close look at the steps involved in establishment of the world's first organized police force:

the first thing Augustus did was create a special unit, called the Praetorian Guard, to protect him from assassination. 9000 men were selected and divided into 9 cohorts of 1000 each. 3 of these cohorts operated as undercover operatives housed among the civilian residents. The Praetorian Guard eventually became involved in assassination plots themselves, and were disbanded or reabsorbed by the military.

the second thing Augustus did was create a daytime city fire brigade of 600 slaves and spread them among 14 separate precincts. The slaves proved inadequate and were disbanded, but the prefect (precinct) system proved workable.

the slave fire brigade was replaced by urban cohorts, headed by a prefect of the urban cohorts. These were a less select military unit of men who weren't good enough to get into the Praetorian Guard. They were several thousand of them. They were primarily responsible for fire safety during daytime hours, and they were fairly inadequate at it.

the urban cohorts were supplemented by nighttime cohorts, and there were several thousand of them, recruited and selected from among freedmen only. They were known as the vigiles (watchmen) of Rome, and were empowered not only to fight fires but to arrest law breakers. The prefect of the vigiles eventually became a powerful man, passing judgment on most lawbreakers, except for serious lawbreakers who had to be turned over to the prefect of the urban cohorts. The vigiles were armed with clubs as well as short swords. They eventually took over the duties of the urban cohorts.

MIDDLE AGES (400 A.D. - 1600 A.D.)

The middle ages either had no system of law enforcement or one of two systems, depending upon what part of the world you were in. Where law enforcement existed, it was most likely a variety of the watch system -- a system premised on the importance of voluntarily patrolling the streets and guarding cities from sunset to sunrise ("2 A.M. and all's well"). The predominant function of policing became class control (keeping watch on vagrants, vagabonds, immigrants, gypsies, tramps, thieves, and outsiders in general). Despite some innovations during this time period (the Magna Carta of 1215 being a notable example), most of this era was characterized by lawlessness and corruption. By the 1500s, there was no country in the world with more robbers, thieves, and prostitutes than England. Other countries, too, experienced lawlessness to such a degree that citizen groups, known as vigilantes, sprang up to combat crime.

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The Police officers Oath

I........................DO SWEAR - THAT - I WILL WELL AND TRULY SERVE - OUR SOVEREIGN COUNTRY AND STATE - AS A POLICE OFFICER WITHOUT FAVOR OR AFFECTION - MALICE OR ILL-WILL - UNTIL I AM LEGALLY DISCHARGED - THAT I WILL SEE AND CAUSE ¬ OUR COMMUNITY’S PEACE TO BE KEPT AND PRESERVED - AND THAT - I WILL PREVENT TO THE BEST OF MY POWER - ALL OFFENSES AGAINST THAT PEACE - AND THAT - WHILE I CONTINUE TO BE A POLICE OFFICER - I WILL - TO THE BEST OF MY SKILL AND KNOWLEDGE - DISCHARGE ALL THE DUTIES THEREOF - FAITHFULLY - ACCORDING TO LAW. SO HELP ME GOD. (Sample Oath)

When any officer is hired or completes their police academy they are required to take an oath. Too often as time wears on the police officer has forgotten their oath but do continue doing the best job they can for the department they serve. Police officers in the past took their oath to heart and worked hard and long hours serving their community. They didn’t ask for raises or promotions or a pat on the back, they did their job until the day arrived they were eligible for one position or another. The police stuck together as family back then as they do today.

Police officers today do an incredible job considering everything that is required of them. First, they must understand the law before they can enforce it. Society has given them the dirty job of policing people or areas they themselves wouldn’t do if given the responsibility. Police are held accountable for all actions good or bad. Police have to respond to dangerous calls sometimes without knowing all of the facts or details of the incident they are rolling in on. A domestic may have started out with some arguing before a gun came into the picture. Police officers are trained at the police academy for such incidents and that doesn’t necessarily prepare them for the unexpected that can occur. When these type incidents happen, it can mean the death of a police officer(s).

Anytime a person becomes a police officer they take on a great deal of responsibility. They sometimes must go where others fear and or engage in a life and death struggle with a suspect. Enough good cannot be written or said about the police officer. They are the force that protects us day and night 24/7 or prevents greater disasters from occurring when they can. Police officers have saved more lives than taking any and must always be prepared to do whatever is required of them by their agencies. Most officers participate in children and elderly programs. They help the elderly with programs that can keep them safe from harm, abuse or fraud. They help the children in recognizing the benefits of being good and staying away from gangs, drugs or what to do if abused. This time is usually donated at the officer’s expense and because they believe in helping our elderly, and our young ones to grow up morally and right.

The next time you see a police officer remember that they are only human, have taken their oath and that they are trying to do their best in making society a better and safer place for you and I to live.

Jim Heitmeyer . Author . Writer






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Terrorism : Systematic use of violence, terror, and intimidation to achieve an end.

History of Terrorism

The events of 9/11 and daily news from the Middle East might make terrorism seem like a modern problem. Unfortunately, it has a long and bloody history. Terror as a weapon began almost with the history of man. The word terrorism was first used in France in the late 1700s and early eighteenth century.

Leaders of the French Revolution used terror to force people to submit to their authority. In what was called the "Reign of Terror," citizens were locked up, tortured, and guillotined. French scholars of the time defined terrorism as "the system or rule of terror."

The old French definition may seem simple and obvious. But what exactly is terrorism? Its basic element, of course, is terror, or extreme fear. Violence is its primary tool. Perhaps the most scary, baffling thing about terrorism is its lawlessness. Terrorists simply ignore the accepted rules against murder, injury, and destruction. Our systems of law and order strive to protect us from terrible things. Terrorists deliberately inflict them.

Terrorism began as a weapon of war. Early Greek writings tell of the use of fear to defeat an enemy. Rulers also used terrorism as a way of controlling or "cleansing" their populations. The Spanish Inquisition was a so-called religious cleansing, directed by Spain's Queen Isabella. Spanish Jews were the main victims of this 300-year stretch of torture and butchery.

The phrase "War on Terrorism" was first widely used by the Western press to refer to the attempts by Russian and European governments, and eventually the U.S. government, to stop attacks by anarchists against international political leaders. Many of the anarchists described themselves as "Terrorists," and the term had a positive valence for them at the time. When Russian Marxist Vera Zasulich shot and wounded a Russian police commander who was known to torture suspects on 24 January 1878, for example, she threw down his weapon without killing him, announcing that she was a terrorist, not a killer.

What do we refuse to recognize about terrorism?

There are two kinds of terrorism. Rational terrorism such as Palestinian terrorism and apocalyptic terrorism like Sept. 11. You have to distinguish between the two.

The first thing that we fail to recognize is that neither is caused by frustration, disenfranchisement or poverty. That is the big lie of terrorism. That may help explain how terrorist leaders can recruit people to blow themselves up, but it doesn't explain why the terrorist leaders who are wealthy, well-educated and calculating opt for the tactic of terrorism. And the reason they opt for the tactic of terrorism is because it has a proven track record of success, particularly certain kinds of terrorism, and particularly [because of the reaction of"&nbspthe European community, the United Nations, the Vatican and some liberal churches.
Anti-Cuba terrorism began with the triumph of the Revolution

Cubans repeated their condemnation of the United States for its terrorist attack on a merchant ship in Havana’s port 45 years ago and accused Washington of having double standards when it comes to acts of terrorism.

In an event commemorating the March 4, 1960 terrorist attack against the French boat La Coubre which occurred while weapons were being unloaded, several speakers commented how Washington’s covert aggression against Cuba began almost immediately after the triumph of the Revolution.

Pedro Sáez, first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba in Havana, referred to the criminal event as one of hundreds of subversive and terrorist acts perpetrated by the United States against Cuba.

The Empire persists in its efforts to frustrate our social plan, he denounced, but today like then, it will be met by our people’s determination to preserve our homeland forever or to die in our efforts to do so.

Sáez referred to the saying used by President Fidel Castro, who at the funeral of the victims from the attack on La Coubre concluded his speech for the first time with the slogan "Patria o Muerte!"

Nobody can understand how the United States can accuse Cuba of sponsoring terrorism while it sows the seeds of death and practices torture in various places throughout the world, said a junior high student.

Even today, he added, the US government’s hypocrisy is highlighted in its decision to keep five of our compatriots imprisoned, their only crime being to combat terrorism within the United States itself.

The young man referred to Gerardo Hernández, René González, Ramón Labañino, Antonio Guerrero and Fernando González, sentenced by a Miami court to prison terms ranging from 15 years to two life terms. The Five, as they are internationally known, were gathering information on groups of Cuban origin, located in the south of Florida, which were carrying out terrorist activities against Cuba with Washington’s knowledge and support.

Alberto Sotolongo, son of one of victims from the attack on La Coubre, gave a horrifying description of the events that he witnessed when he was just 14 years of age. "After helping to rescue victims, I looked for my father everywhere and I could not find him, until finally I went to the morgue," he said. "The first thing I saw was a bundle of clothes and burnt flesh and they told me that it was four people, including a French sailor. That time I was not able to locate my father, so I kept coming to the morgue until on the fourth day I found him," he said.

The explosion on the French boat took place shortly after 3.00pm, while an important consignment of weapons and explosives, purchased from Belgium, and intended for the defense of the new revolution, were being unloaded.

According to research into the event, all guilty fingers point to the CIA that had repeatedly tried to impede this and other Cuban weapon purchases.

Experts explained how the saboteurs operated: they placed an explosive device between boxes of anti-tank grenades which would be activated as the cargo located above it was removed.
Main example of "success" is Palestinian terrorism?

Well, that's the one that worked. You can't think about terrorism without thinking about Palestinian terrorism. Palestinians began international terrorism. It started with them in 1968. They used it as the first resort, not the last resort. They invented it, they perfected it, they benefited from it and they taught the world how to use it and that it would be successful.

Since the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iran has been one of the world's most active sponsors of terrorism. Tehran has armed, trained, financed, inspired, organized, and otherwise supported dozens of violent groups over the years. Iran has backed not only groups in its Persian Gulf neighborhood, but also terrorists and radicals in Lebanon, the Palestinian territories, Bosnia, the Philippines, and elsewhere.1 This support remains strong even today. It comes as no surprise then, twenty five years after the revolution, the U.S. State Department still considers Iran "the most active state sponsor of terrorism.

On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants stormed the United States Embassy in Tehran and took approximately seventy Americans captive. This terrorist act triggered the most profound crisis of the Carter presidency and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy Carter and the American people that lasted 444 days.

Some authorities today use this event as the beginning of terrorism, even though terrorism began in the world several years prior. April 18, 1983, A suicide bomber in a pickup truck loaded with explosives rammed into the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. Sixty-three people were killed, including 17 Americans, eight of whom were employees of the Central Intelligence Agency, including chief Middle East analyst Robert C. Ames and station chief Kenneth Haas.

Reagan administration officials said that the attack was carried out by Hezbollah operatives, a Lebanese militant Islamic group whose anti-U.S. sentiments were sparked in part by the revolution in Iran. The Hezbollah operatives who carried out the attack on the embassy reportedly were receiving financial and logistical support from both Iran and Syria. The U.S. government took no military action in response to the embassy bombing, although, according to retired Marine Lt. Col. Bill Cowan, a covert military team entered Beirut in order to gather intelligence in preparation for retaliatory strikes.

After the bombing of the US embassy in Beirut, terrorism spread throughout the world at an alarming rate. October 23, 1983, A suicide bomber detonated a truck full of explosives at a U.S. Marine barracks located at Beirut International Airport; 241 U.S. Marines were killed and more than 100 others wounded. They were part of a contingent of 1,800 Marines that had been sent to Lebanon as part of a multinational force to help separate the warring Lebanese factions. (Twice during the early 1980s the U.S. had deployed troops to Lebanon to deal with the fall-out from the 1982 Israeli invasion. In the first deployment, Marines helped oversee the peaceful withdrawal of the PLO from Beirut. In mid-September 1982
-- after the U.S. troops had left -- Israel's Lebanese allies massacred an estimated 800 unarmed Palestinian civilians remaining in refugee camps. Following this, 1,800 Marines had been ordered back into Lebanon.)

December, 12, 1983, another bombing occurred at the U.S. Embassy in Kuwait. The American embassy in Kuwait was bombed in a series of attacks whose targets also included the French embassy, the control tower at the airport, the country's main oil refinery, and a residential area for employees of the American corporation Raytheon. Six people were killed, including a suicide truck bomber, and more than 80 others were injured. The suspects were thought to be members of Al Dawa, or "The Call," an Iranian-backed group and one of the principal Shiite groups operating against Saddam Hussein in Iraq.

The U.S. military took no action in retaliation. In Kuwait, 17 people were arrested and convicted for participating in the attacks. One of those convicted was Mustafa Youssef Badreddin, a cousin and brother-in-law of one of Hezbollah's senior officers, Imad Mughniyah. After a six-week trial in Kuwait, Badreddin was sentenced to death for his role in the bombings.

It was from this point on in history that the terrorist began kidnapping bombing and spreading their threat worldwide. Since the beginning, numerous terrorist groups merged. Here is a list of some of them.
Islamist
· Abu Sayyaf (1991-present; Islamist separatists; the Philippines
· Based in the southern islands of Jolo, Basilan, and Mindanao.
*Branched off of the Moro National Liberation Front.
*Allegedly partnered with Jemaah Islamiyah and Al-Qaeda.
· n-Abyan Islamic Army (Yemen)
· Adolat - Uzbekistan
· Akromiya – Uzbekistan
· Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Late 1970s-present; Islamists; Egypt)
* Seeks to establish Islamist state in Egypt. Usually targets secular establishments, government buildings, police, the military, minorities, tourists, and “morally offensive” buildings.
· Armed Islamic Group (1992-present; Islamists; Algeria)
* Seeks to establish Islamist state in Algeria. Began operations in 1992 after the Algerian government ignored election results that gave victory to Islamist political parties.
· Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
· Ansar al-Islam (December 2001-present; Islamists; Iraq)
* In Arabic, "Supporters of Islam."
* Also known as "Partisans of Islam or Helpers of Islam."
· Al-Qaeda (1988-present; Islamists; Afghanistan, Pakistan, and worldwide)
* In Arabic, "the foundation", "the base", or "the database" kept by intelligence services of anti-Soviet Afghani fighters.
* Also known as Qa‘idat al-Jihad, Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Places, World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Salvation Foundation, and the Osama bin Laden Network.
* Related: Alneda (former web site), As-Sahab (affiliated public relations organization),
* Cells: Buffalo six, Hamburg cell,
· Asbat al-Ansar (early 1990s-present; Lebanese Sunni Islamists; southern Lebanon)
* In Arabic, "the League of the Followers."
* Acronym for "Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya," or Islamic Resistance Movement.
· Jama'at al-Tawhid wa'al-Jihad/Al-Qaeda in Iraq - Abu Musab al-Zarqawi's Sunni network, operating in Iraq
* on U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations
· Bunch of Guys (BOGs) or Group of Guys (GOGs), a counter-terrorism term to describe small, anonymous, self-organizing terrorist cells that have little to no contact with national or global leaders or organizations
· Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement - al-Qaeda linked separatist group in China's Xinjiang Autonomous Region aiming to establish an Islamic state. Banned by China, along with related groups East Turkestan Liberation Organization, World Uighur Youth Congress and East Turkistan Information Center
· Egyptian Islamic Jihad - Egypt (active since the late 1970s)
· Fatah al-Islam - Nahr al-Bared Palestinian refugee camp, Lebanon; splittered from Fatah Uprising in 2006.
· Hamas - West Bank, Gaza Strip. Listed as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the European Union, Israel, and the United States
· Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM) - Pakistan and Kashmir
· Hizb-an-nusra - Uzbekistan
· Hizb ut-Tahrir - international (legal in Britain and Australia)
· Hezbollah - Lebanon; Listed as a terrorist organization by Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Israel, and the United States.
· Hizbul Mujahideen - Pakistan and Kashmir
· Hofstad Network - Netherlands
· Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain - Defunct
· Islamic Movement of Central Asia - Central Asia (affiliated with Al Qaeda)
· Islamic Movement of Tajikistan – Tajikistan
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan - Uzbekistan
· Jaish-e-Mohammed - Pakistan
· Jaish Ansar al-Sunna - Iraq
· Jama'at al-Jihad al-Islami
· Jemaah Islamiyah - Southeast Asia
· Jihad Rite - Australia (linked with Al Qaeda. Founded in 2001)
· Jundallah - Iran and Pakistan (affiliated with the USA and Al-Qaeda)
· Lashkar-e-Jhangvi - Pakistan
· Lashkar-e-Toiba - Pakistan
· Maktab al-Khadamat - Afghanistan - Defunct
· Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group - Morocco and Spain
· Moro Islamic Liberation Front - (Islamic separatists; the Philippines)
· Palestinian Islamic Jihad - Israel, West Bank, Gaza Strip
· People Against Gangsterism and Drugs - South Africa
· RSM or Rajah Solaiman Movement - Philippines
· Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat - Algeria
· Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan - Pakistan
· Students Islamic Movement of India - India
· Takfir wal-Hijra - Egypt/Sudan/Algeria
· Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi - Pakistan
· Turkish Hezbollah - Kurdish organization operating in Turkey
· Turkish Islamic Jihad – Turkey

At this time as known, Al Qaeda is the biggest terrorist threat in the world we have today, even thoughother groupshave similar capabilities. Their goal is complete domination over the world and the death of all people who are not Islamic. Terrorism will always be a threat in our world for all time.

The only solution in fighting or preventing terrorism is to detect terrorist plots in their early planning stages. This thinking and our new tactics in fighting terrorist groups seems to have been the most affective means in reducing their success.

Terrorism will never be defeated but most of their actions can be prevented.

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